Realism in On the Waterfront essays

Authenticity in On the Waterfront articles In spite of the fact that the style of authenticity isn't enormous, showy, or continually moving, it has a kind of lavishness about it that, chief, Elia Kazan accomplishes so precisely in his 1954 great, On the Waterfront. Through his utilization of inconspicuous photography, we, as a group of people, can split away from the way that we are viewing a film, and spotlight on the cooperation and feeling of the characters. It seems as though we are remaining in the very live with the characters, watching the scene. Practically nothing is indicated that we wouldnt have the option to see ourselves. Truth be told, for all intents and purposes the main cloud edge in the whole film was a diagonal edge close to the end when we are indicated the seriousness of Terrys wounds through his eyes as he endeavors to stroll up the dock. In any formalistic film, this point and others like it would have been utilized substantially more openly. Like the photography, the altering in On the Waterfront is miniscule. The vast majority of the altering procedures are coordinate cuts; streaming consistently through the scenes with just a couple of slices to essential characters or places. This moderation turns out to be very apparent in the scene where Terry and Edie almost get hit by the truck. In a formalistic movie, the executive may have decided to show the wild confusion of a second by embeddings different bounce cuts, cutaways and cut-ins. A case of this would be the shower scene in Hitchcocks repulsiveness great, Psycho, since he bounces in, out and away all through those couple of seconds of the homicide and the crowd can see precisely what Marion Crane sees. Despite what might be expected, in a practical film, for example, On the Waterfront, we should depend on the on-screen characters response and articulation so as to get a handle on the state of mind or feeling. At the point when Terry pivots and sees that truck set ou t toward himself and Edie, we know by that solidified look of loathsomeness, this is awful. Since On the Waterfront is a practical fi... <!

What are the advantages and disadvantages for society, when people Essay

What are the points of interest and inconveniences for society, when individuals live longer lives - Essay Example This audit will explain the way that when individuals live more, it is both gainful and negative to the social orders in which they live. To begin with, examine has demonstrated that as opposed to the observation that when individuals live longer they are just weight to society; there are in reality some critical advantages if individuals live more. For example, when individuals live longer lives, they are a significant advantage for society as a result of the immense measure of information they have procured about various issues for the duration of their lives. While elderly folks individuals may regularly be seen as antiquated and obsolete, it is undeniable that the present-day progressions in many circles of life were a result of establishments that were set up when the individuals who are in their mature age today were more youthful (Johnson and De Souza, 2008, p. 24). All things considered, the sentiments and skill that can be accomplished from the individuals who have lived long are important to society. While the assessments of the older may not be given from an expert point of view, the simple actuality that they have invested more energy alive makes their suppositions worth chasing. For example, in the present extreme financial occasions, the vast majority overlook that there are individuals who have lived, and endure harder monetary occasions during the financial downturns that followed the two universal wars. In this circumstance thusly, the assessment of somebody who survived the two wars is obviously important to society. Another bit of leeway of individuals living longer is that they can give positive cultural qualities to the more youthful age. During ongoing decades, social orders all around have had the option to dispose of esteems that were adverse to society. Such qualities incorporate male haughtiness and prejudice. In any case, social orders have likewise embraced a few qualities that are unhelpful for them. Indeed, the nuclear family which is the most fundamental unit of any general public has been contrarily influenced by the present pattern of getting rid of any worth that is considered ‘traditional’ regardless of

Book Riots Deals of the Day for October 28th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for October 28th, 2019 Sponsored by Dark Pattern by Andrew Mayne These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals See What I Have Done  by Sarah Schmidt for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Monsters: Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein  by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Collectors Apprentice by B.A. Shapiro for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Dinner  by César Aria, translated by Katherine Silver for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Along the Infinite Sea by Beatriz Williams for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Coming Clean: A Memoir by Kimberly Rae Miller for $0.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre hot!): Mr. Splitfoot by Samantha Hunt for $2.99 The Killing Lessons by Saul Black for $2.99 How It Went Down by Kekla Magoon for $2.99 Wait Till Helen Comes: A Ghost Story by Mary Downing Hahn for $2.99 The Mere Wife  by Maria Dahvana Headley for $2.99 Tenth of December  by George Saunders  for $2.99 Intimations  by Alexandra Kleeman for $1.99 Universal Harvester by John Darnielle  for $2.99 Spinning Silver  by Naomi Novik for $2.99 The Dark Dark  by Samantha Hunt for $2.99 Destroyer by Victor LaValle for $4.99 Let the Right One In by John Ajvide Lindqvist  for $2.99 The Ladys Guide to Celestial Mechanics by Olivia Waite  for $3.99 The Exorcist  by William Peter Blatty  for $1.99 Mrs. Martins Incomparable Adventure by Courtney Milan for $2.99 Toil and Trouble: 15 Tales of Women and Witchcraft edited by Tess Sharpe and Jessica Spotswood for $1.99 Complete Stories of Clarice Lispector by Clarice Lispector, translated by Benjamin Moser and Katrina Dodson  for $2.99 Intercepted by Alexa Martin  for $2.99 Hearts Unbroken  by Cynthia Leitich Smith for $2.99 Devotion by Dani Shapiro  for $1.99 Ruhlmans Twenty by Michael Ruhlman for $2.99 Ten  by Gretchen McNeil for $1.99 Revenge by Yoko Ogawa, translated by Stephen Snyder for $2.99 White Rabbit by Caleb Roehrig for $2.99 Coraline Graphic Novel by Neil Gaiman and adapted by P. Craig Russell for $1.99 The Bone Houses by Emily Lloyd-Jones for $2.99 Cross Her Heart by Sarah Pinborough for $1.99 Deerskin by Robin McKinleye for $1.99 Inspector Singh Investigates: A Curious Indian Cadaver by Shamini Flints for $3.99 Meddling and Murder: An Aunty Lee Mystery by Ovidia Yu for $2.99 Halloween Party: A Hercule Poirot Mystery by Agatha Christie for $1.99 Whatever Happened to Interracial Love? by Kathleen Collins for $3.99 The Angels Game (The Cemetery of Forgotten Book 2) by Carlos Ruiz Zafon, translated by Lucia Graves for $2.99 The Once and Future King by T. H. White for $1.99 Destinys Captive by Beverly Jenkins for $1.99 A Brief History of Seven Killings by Marlon James for $1.99 The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom by Don Miguel Ruiz for $1.68 The Devil’s Star by  Jo Nesbø for $1.99 The Collector’s Apprentice by  B. A. Shapiro for $1.99 The Friend by Sigrid Nunez for $1.99 Dare to Love a Duke  by Eva Leigh for $1.99 Prime Meridian  by Silvia Moreno-Garcia for $3.99 The Science of Discworld  by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen for $2.99 The Walls Around Us by Nova Red Suma for $1.99 Foe: A Novel by Iain Reid for $1.99 Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Cant Stop Talking by Susan Cain for $2.99 Silver Phoenix by Cindy Pon for $2.99 City of Bones by Martha Wells for $2.99 Dr. Strange Beard by Penny Reid for $1.99 Under the Knife by Tess Gerritsen for $2.99 Antelope Woman by Louise Erdrich for $1.99 Borne by Jeff VanderMeer for $2.99 The Betel Nut Tree Mystery by  Ovidia Yu for $3.99 Plenty by Yotam Ottolenghi for $2.99 Confessions of a Funeral Director by Caleb Wilde for $1.99 The Secrets Between Us by Thrity Umrigar for $1.99 The Iron King by Julie Kagawa for $3.99 A Dead Djinn in Cairo by P. Djèlí Clark for $0.99 The Star-Touched Queen by Roshani Chokshi for $2.99 Odd One Out by Nic Stone for $1.99 The Dark Descent of Elizabeth Frankenstein by Kiersten White for $1.99 The Ascent to Godhood (The Tensorate Series Book 4) by JY Yang for $3.99 Dear Martin by Nic Stone for $1.99 Glutton for Pleasure by Alisha Rai for $3.99 The Frangipani Tree Mystery by Ovidia Yu for $3.99 The Female Persuasion by Meg Wolitzer for $1.99 Labyrinth Lost  by Zoraida Cordova for $3.82 The Gurkha and the Lord of Tuesday by Saad Z. Hossain for $3.99 The Black Tides of Heaven (The Tensorate Series Book 1) by JY Yang for $3.99 Let it Shine by Alyssa Cole for $2.99 The Banished of Muirwood for $3.99 Let Us Dream by Alyssa Cole for $2.99 A Curious Beginning (A Veronica Speedwell Mystery Book 1) by Deanna Raybourn for $2.99 Romancing the Duke: Castles Ever After by Tessa Dare for $2.99 The Murders of Molly Southbourne by Tade Thompson for $3.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 Mapping the Interior by Stephen Graham Jones for $3.99 Shuri (2018 #1)  by Nnedi Okorafor for $1.99 The Only Harmless Great Thing by Brooke Bolander for $1.99 The Black Gods Drums by P. Djèlí Clark for $1.99 Gods, Monsters, and the Lucky Peach by Kelly Robson for $1.99 My Soul to Keep by Tananarive Due for $0.99 All Systems Red: The Murderbot Diaries by Martha Wells for $3.99 Jade City by Fonda Lee for $2.99 Silver in the Wood by Emily Tesh for $3.99 Storm Front  by Jim Butcher (Book One of the Dresden Files)  for $2.99 Guapa  by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Unit Definition in Science

A unit is any standard used for making comparisons in measurements. Unit conversions allow for measurements of a property that have been recorded using different units—for instance, centimeters to inches. Examples The meter is one standard of length. A liter is a standard of volume. Each of these standards can be used to compare with other measurements made using the same units.

Should Prison Offenders Be Offenders - 1980 Words

Many ex-cons face trouble when it comes to the employment process and have trouble obtaining jobs; however employing them could greatly reduce the recidivism rate. A common misconception about ex-offenders is that releasing them from incarceration allows them to partake in criminal activities again and become recidivists, however, they are much more likely to do this if they cannot find sufficient employment; a key way to reduce this rate of recidivism is by employing them. According to a newspaper article about reducing recidivism, a key reason why so many ex-offenders become repeat offenders is economic. When an inmate gets out of prison and can t find a job, or the only job he or she can get is mopping a floor somewhere ... well, it s easy to see how crime could beckon. That s not an excuse. It s just a fact (Ban the box 5). Not only is employing and training ex-offenders a key way to reduce recidivism, it is the best way. U.S. attorney David Hickton spoke about this in a speech he gave at a gathering of corrections officials. Mr. Hickton said that the United States out-sized share of the world s prison population suggests a problem: Either we are the greatest collection of criminals, or we are over-incarcerating people. Among the most effective ways to reduce incarceration is to improve the job prospects of those who served their sentences (Lord 6). There are others ways to get ex-offenders to stay out of prison, but prison does not serve as rehabilitation forShow MoreRelatedShould Prison Offenders Be Allowed?2162 Words   |  9 Pageshave different approaches and criticisms. Many argue that prison should ideally help to discourage members of society from committing crimes and also deter prison inmates from re-offending. This means using prison as a general deterrence, by using an individual criminal as an example to the rest of society. However, one could arise questions regarding this matter, questions such as; does the present prison system works to rehabilitate offenders or does it work to punish them? In fact it has been predominantlyRead MoreShould Prison Offenders Be Abolished?1311 Words   |  6 Pagestime? As a country, we could put at least 220,000 ready and willing workers back on the books if we made it easier for ex-felons. More ex-felon lenient laws should be passed towards job employment because it will lower unemployment rates, bring out productive members of society, and give them a second chance to redeem themselves. Ex-offenders face numerous challenges once released from a period of incarceration. In addition to financial, social, family, and community reintegration, they face enormousRead MoreShould Inmates Offenders Be Treated? Prisons And Prisons?1258 Words   |  6 Pagesinmates in jails and prisons. There are approximately 356,000 inmates in jails and state prisons with mental illnesses (Torrey, Zdanowicz, Kennard, 2014). Many researchers are debating if mentally disordered inmates should be treated in prisons and jails, or if they are not equipped to care for them at all. While jails tend to house inmates sentenced with short terms, prisons house convicted and sentenced offenders serving more than 1 year. With the longer time of incarceration, prisons provide more ofRead MoreShould Violent Drug Offenders Be Prison?1049 Words   |  5 PagesThere has been debate over whether non-violent drug offenders belong in prison. Some believe all drug offenders should be put in prison, other s believe that it depends on circumstances, and, still others believe only violent drug offenders should be incarcerated. Overcrowding is one point of contention. It seems as though the slightest infraction can land a person in prison. Violence is rampant, whether inmate versus inmate or inmate versus guard. Rehabilitation or education is practically non-existentRead MoreShould Prison Offenders Be Prosecuted?2377 Words   |  10 Pageswho is re-incarcerated due to a technical violation of parole or probation is re-incarcerated for violating the terms of the conditions set forth regarding their release in the community, not for committing a new offense. Success Criteria: An ex-offender whom upon is released has chosen a good/productive citizen pathway or is dedicated in helping others to follow the same path in advocating against violence and crime would be a perfect example of success criteria. LITERATURE REVIEW IncarcerationRead MoreBurning Down The House By Neil Bernstein761 Words   |  4 Pagesis locking up adult offenders in correctional facilities with little rehabilitation for reentry into society. American response for crime prevention for juvenile’s offenders is the same strategy used against adult offenders taken juvenile offenders miles away from their environment and placed in adult like prisons. However the way juvenile our house and treated while in the care of state corrections officer is more detrimental mental and physical health of juvenile offenders as explained in NeilRead More235764916 CJA 394 Week 1 Criminal Justice Overview Paper SAMPLE page only1665 Words   |  7 PagesSelect one of the following issues: †¢ Racial profiling †¢ Prison overcrowding †¢ The war on drugs †¢ Increased use of technology †¢ Cultural diversity Write a 1,050- to 1,705-word paper addressing how your selected issue affects the criminal justice system as a whole. †¢ Describe some of the change(s) the criminal justice system as a whole has made in response to the issue you selected. †¢ Include your opinion on whether the changes are sufficient. Should more changes be made, and if so, what changes?   FormatRead More Nonviolent Offenders Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesNonviolent Offenders – Is Incarceration the Answer? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; â€Å"It’s really clear that the most effective way to turn a nonviolent person into a violent one is to send them to prison,† says Harvard University criminologist James Gilligan. The American prison system takes nonviolent offenders and makes them live side-by-side with hardened killers. The very nature of prison, no matter people view it, produces an environment that is inevitably harmful to its residentsRead MoreThe Punishment Of Prison System825 Words   |  4 Pages In principle, prison system plays important role in the society through reforming and punishing offenders sent to prison and preventing potential offenders. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of in prisoners in the US prisons system, because prison is used as the primary correction facility for offenders while ensuring justice to offended (Guerino 20). Prisons comprise of offenders who are above the county jail level. Further, inmates comprise of people from differen tRead MorePunishment Versus Rehabiliation1445 Words   |  6 Pages2015 This paper, I will discuss the issues of punishment versus rehabilitation. I will point out issues on how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it affects victims and their family. I will also discuss how it affects offenders, the impact it has on society, and the fiscal impact upon society. Punishment and rehabilitation helps the inmate in different ways. This will show both pros and cons to punishment and rehabilitation. Punishment versus Rehabilitation The criminal

Organizational Theory and Designs Free Essays

string(73) " among organizations that provide similar goods in the same environment\." CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 1 PART 1: LECTURE OUTLINES CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS TEACHING OBJECTIVES 1. To define an organization and explain how it creates value in three stages: input, conversion, and output. (1. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Theory and Designs or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1) 2. To discuss why organizations exist and how they achieve goals collectively. (1. 1) 3. To describe organizational theory, how organizations function, and relate to organizational structure, culture, and design. (1. 2) 4. To show how organizational design helps a company gain a competitive advantage, deal with contingencies, manage diversity, increase efficiency, increase innovation, and effectively manage change. (1. 2) 5. To illustrate the consequences of poor organizational design and loss of control over structure and culture. (1. 2) 6. To discuss the three approaches of evaluating organizational effectiveness: external resource, internal systems, and technical approach. (1. 3) 7. To distinguish between official goals and operating goals. (1. 3) CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter discusses organizations, organizational theory, and the importance of organizational design. An organization is a tool for individuals or groups to accomplish goals. An organization creates value at three stages: input, conversion, and output. Organizations exist because people working together to produce goods and services create more value than those working alone. Organizations may exist to increase specialization and the division of labor, to use large-scale technology, to manage the external environment, to economize on transaction costs, and to exert power and control over employees. The components of organizational theory are structure, culture, and design and change. Organizational design helps a company gain a competitive advantage, deal with contingencies, manage diversity, increase efficiency, and increase innovation. Poor organizational design results in company decline, including layoffs and difficulty in attracting resources. Organizational effectiveness should be measured according to a manager’s methods of control, innovation, and efficiency. The external resource, internal systems, or technical approach measure effectiveness and official and operative goals. Difficulties arise in measuring effectiveness even if stakeholders have shared goals. An organization must select the best way to achieve goals. Organizations are affected by the environment, technology, and processes. The technological environment entails innovations in production processes and new products. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. 1 What Is an Organization? An organization is intangible; it cannot be touched or felt. Thinking of an organization evokes its product or service. The name Anheuser-Busch evokes the word beer, not why the company provides beer or how it controls employees. An organization groups people and resources to provide goods and services to PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS satisfy a need. Entrepreneurs begin with the idea of satisfying a need then collect resources to meet that need. 2 Focus on New Information Technology: Amazon. com, Part 1 Amazon. com shows how Jeff Bezos saw a need and created an organization to meet it. Q. What prodded Jeff Bezos to start Amazon. com? A. Recognizing the opportunity to build an online bookstore, Bezos started Amazon. com to meet the needs of computer owners. An online bookstore could offer a larger and more diverse selection, an online catalogue, an easy search capability, and book reviews. Bezos organized resources to meet the need for a new bookstore. Notes_______________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ How Does an Organization Create Value? The value creation process includes input, conversion, and output. (Fig. 1. 1) Q: What are some inputs a company needs to provide a product or service? A. Inputs include human resources, raw materials, capital, money, and information. The value created depends on how a company selects and acquires inputs. Inputs are transformed into outputs at the conversion stage. The value created depends on the quality of an organization’s skills and its ability to learn from the environment. The conversion process results in an output, a finished good, or a service. Sales revenue buys more inputs, so the value creation cycle continues. The value creation cycle is used for nonprofit and manufacturing organizations and service companies. Q. What are the inputs, conversion processes, and outputs at McDonald’s? (Fig. 1. 2) A. The inputs include meat, fries, employees, and capital, such as cooking equipment. The conversion process entails cooking the food. The outputs are sandwiches and fries. Why Do Organizations Exist? People working together to produce goods and services create more value than people working alone. (Fig. 1. 3) Organizations exist: To Increase Specialization and the Division of Labor In an organization, individuals concentrate on areas of expertise and become more specialized. An engineer concentrates on one part of the engine and this specialization creates value. To Use Large-Scale Technology Technology enables organizations to achieve economies of scale, cost savings through large-volume production, and economies of scope and cost savings when underutilized resources are shared. To Manage the External Environment An organization has the resources to monitor and manage the external environment, economic, political, and social factors plus suppliers and the market. PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS To Economize on Transaction Costs An organization can reduce transaction costs and expenses associated with negotiating, monitoring, and governing exchanges between people and can control exchanges. To Exert Power and Control Organizations exert pressure on employees to conform to task requirements through employment, promotions, and rewards. Employees who fail to meet organizational needs can be fired. These factors create stability, allow skills to develop, and increase value creation. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ 3 1. 2 What Is Organizational Theory? Organizational theory is the study of how organizations work and how they impact and are impacted by the environment. Organizational theory relates to organizational structure, culture, and design. (Fig. 1. 4) Organizational structure is the formal setup of task and authority relationships. Structure controls the coordination of activities and employee motivation to attain goals. Structure must be continually evaluated. Organizational culture, a set of shared values and norms, shapes and controls behavior in an organization. Q: What determines culture? A. People, ethics, rights, and structure of the organization develop culture, which can vary widely among organizations that provide similar goods in the same environment. You read "Organizational Theory and Designs" in category "Papers" Coca-Cola promotes cooperation and has loyal employees, whereas Pepsi has a competitive culture and high turnover among managers. Organizational design is the process by which managers select and manage aspects of structure and culture so that an organization can achieve its goals. Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. Organizational Insight 1. 1: Opposite Organizing Approaches at Apple and Dell Computer People who start new organizations may lack the skills necessary to effectively design the organization. The Apple Computer example illustrates this well. Q. How do these two examples illustrate the importance of proper organizational design? PHAM HOANG HIEN Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS A. Although Jobs stated he had little desire to manage the day-to-day operations of Apple Computer, he desired more power as the organization grew and began intervening in the day-to-d ay operations, which caused problems. Michael Dell, on the other hand, understood how important a well designed organization was, and created a structure centered on participative management, involving employees in decision making, and was not as hands-on s Jobs. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ The Importance of Organizational Design and Change Organizational design helps a company deal with contingencies, achieve competitive advantage, manage diversity, and increase its efficiency and ability to innovate goods and services. Dealing with Contingencies A contingency is an event that might occur and must be considered in planning. An organization can design its structure to increase environmental control. Structure and culture are tools to respond to the complex global environment and changing technology. Structure can make employees aware of the environment. Gaining Competitive Advantage Good organizational design offers a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage emerges from core competencies, value creating skills, and abilities. Managers formulate strategies, specific decisions, and actions that use core competencies to create a competitive advantage. Organizational design implements an organization’s strategy and serves as a core competency because it is difficult to imitate. Although technology can be duplicated, structure and culture develop over time, making them hard to imitate. Organizational design must be continually evaluated. 4 Notes_______________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ Managing Diversity The workforce has become more diverse with people of many national origins working for the same company. The workforce is aging. An organization must design its structure to maximize its diverse talents and to develop a culture that fosters cooperation. Promoting Efficiency, Speed, and Innovation Organizational design can increase efficiency. Companies must compete with low-cost producers globally and market new products and processes. Organizational design makes a firm more innovative. An entrepreneurial culture fosters innovation. The Consequences of Poor Organizational Design Organizational design affects company performance, yet employee roles are often neglected until a crisis hits. One reason for decline is a loss of control over organizational structure and culture. Talented employees leave, acquiring resources becomes difficult, and the value creation process slows down. Managers are forced to change elements of structure and culture that derail strategy. PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Notes_______________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ †¢ Refer to discussion question 2 here to emphasize the connection between organizational theory and structure, design, change, and culture. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________ _ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 5 Organizational Insight 1. 2: Redesigning AOL Time Warner This shows the difficulty in trying to merge two organizations that have very different structures. In addition, it shows that regardless of the structure, environmental factors often play a role in the success of an organization, as evidenced by the implosion of the dot. coms. Q. How were the two organizations different from a structure standpoint? A. Time Warner was very hierarchical in nature, while AOL was used to the fast-changing environment of the IT industry. Q. What did Pitman do to try and reorganize the two companies? A. He created teams of both AOL and Time Warner managers, but made AOL managers responsible for taking the lead, as they were more accustomed to brining new products to market quickly. 1. 3 How Do Managers Measure Organizational Effectiveness? Researchers see primary management tasks as control, innovation, and efficiency. Control means dominating the external environment, attracting resources, and using political processes. Innovation entails developing skills to discover new products and processes and designing adaptable structures and cultures. Efficiency involves developing modern plants for rapid, low-cost production, fast distribution, and high productivity. The External Resource Approach: Control Using the external resource approach, managers evaluate a firm’s ability to manage and control the external environment. A. Indicators include stock price, profitability, return on investment, and the quality of a company’s products. An important factor is management’s ability to perceive and respond to environmental change. Stakeholders value aggressiveness and an entrepreneurial spirit. Organizational Insight 1. 3: Ups and Downs at Mattel This case illustrates the importance of both understanding customer needs, and adapting the organization to meet those needs. Q. What mistake did Mattel make in trying to satisfy customer needs? PHAM HOANG HIEN Q. What indicators evaluate control over the environment? CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS A. The skills needed to rapidly develop new products was not present in the company that they purchased. They also underestimated the need to update their core products. The Internal Systems Approach: Innovation Using the internal systems approach, managers evaluate organizational effectiveness. Structure and culture should foster flexibility and rapid response to market changes. Flexibility fosters innovation. Q. How is innovation measured? A. Innovation is measured by the time needed for decision making, production, and coordinating activities. The Technical Approach: Efficiency The technical approach is used to evaluate efficiency. Effectiveness is measured by productivity and efficiency (ratio of outputs to inputs). Productivity gains include increased production or cost reduction. Productivity is measured at all stages of production. Q. What productivity measures could a service company use? A. Service companies could measure sales per employee or the ratio of goods sold to goods returned. Employee motivation is an important factor in productivity and efficiency. 6 Organizational Insight 1. 4: Improving Efficiency at FedEx and UPS This case is a good illustration of the importance of continuously evaluating and updating technology. A good class discussion can revolve around the positive benefits of advanced technology. Consider for example, the increased efficiency of these two companies as they affect consumers. Measuring Effectiveness: Organizational Goals Organizational effectiveness is evaluated by both official and operative goals. Official goals are the formal mission of an organization. Operative goals are specific long-term and short-term goals that direct tasks. Managers use operative goals to measure effectiveness. To measure control, managers examine market share and costs; to measure innovation, they review decision-making time. To measure efficiency, they use benchmarking to compare the company to competitors. A company may be effective in one area and ineffective in another. Operative goals must be consistent with official goals. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ †¢ Refer to discussion question 3 here to emphasize the approaches to evaluating effectiveness. ___________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ 1. 4 The Plan of This Book PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Figure 1. 5 shows how the various chapters fit together and provide a model of the components involved in organizational design and change. Notes______________ _________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ The Organizational Environment. The main source of uncertainty is the environment. An organization must design its structure to handle relationships with stakeholders in the external environment. Chapter 3 presents models that reveal why the environment is a major source of uncertainty. Organizational Design. Chapters 4 through 8 examine the principles on which organizations operate and the choices available for designing and redesigning their structures and cultures to match the environment. The same basic problems occur in all work settings, and the purpose of design is to develop a structure that will respond effectively to these challenges. Organizational Change. The third part of the book deals with the many different issues involved in changing and redesigning organizations. Included in this are different change processes, such as restructuring, reengineering, and innovation management. 7 Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. How do organizations create value? What is the role of entrepreneurship in this process? Value is created at the input, conversion, and output stages. At the input stage, value depends on how an organization selects and obtains the inputs; certain inputs create more value than others. At the c onversion stage, value is a function of employees’ skills, including learning from and responding to the environment. Output creates value if it satisfies a need. Entrepreneurship is important to value creation by recognizing a need, gathering inputs, and transforming them into a product or service. The value creation cycle will continue if customers are satisfied; profits will generate inputs and improve the conversion process. Organizational theory is the study of how organizations function, impact, and are impacted by employees and society. Organizational theory deals with the whole organization. Organizational design entails decisions about structure and culture. Structure is the formal set of task and authority relationships. Culture is a set of shared values that influence behavior. 3. What is organizational effectiveness? Discuss three approaches to evaluating effectiveness and the problems of each approach. PHAM HOANG HIEN 2. What is the relationship among organizational theory, organizational design and change, and organizational structure and culture? CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 8 Organizational effectiveness is the ability to use resources to create value; it includes control, innovation, and efficiency. The external resource approach evaluates a company’s ability to obtain scarce resources and valued skills. Indicators include stock prices, return on investment, and market share. These indexes are compared to competitors’ indexes. However, this approach fails to consider organizational culture and structure. The internal approach reviews the organization’s ability to innovate and respond to the environment quickly. Some measures include the length of time to get a product to market, decision-making speed, and coordination time. This approach does not consider costs or the external environment. The technical approach reviews an organization’s ability to use skills and resources efficiently. This approach considers neither the environment nor structure and culture. It is important to evaluate an organization in all three areas—control, innovation, and efficiency. 4. Draw up a list of effectiveness goals that you would use to measure the performance of (a) a fastfood restaurant and (b) a school of business. Answers may vary slightly. A fast-food restaurant’s goals will differ from a business school’s goals because a school is a nonprofit organization. a) Some goals used to measure effectiveness at a fast-food restaurant are as follows: †¢ Lower the cost of meat, fries, and drinks †¢ Lower the cost of labor †¢ Improve the quality of the food and the skills of employees †¢ Increase profits, stock price, and market share †¢ Satisfy government requirements on sanitation and fair labor laws †¢ Reduce employee conflict †¢ Speed up the time it takes a customer to get served †¢ Find more efficient ways to produce the food †¢ Increase employee motivation by offering bonuses †¢ Increase the quality of the food by ensuring that it is not too greasy and that it is hot when customers receive it †¢ Minimize the number of wrong orders (b) A business school’s goals may be the following: †¢ Attract top-quality faculty and students †¢ Maximize revenue from tuition and fees †¢ Offer scholarships †¢ Attract revenue from organizations and alumni †¢ Gain the support of the local community †¢ Reduce conflict †¢ Ensure that students are prepared for jobs †¢ Respond to changes in the environment by constantly updating the curriculum †¢ Encourage coordination among faculty from different departments ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY IN ACTION PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Practicing Organizational Theory: Open Systems Dynamics Small groups of students design an organization from an open systems perspective: (1) They determine the input, conversion, and output processes. (2) They identify environmental factors with the greatest impact. (3) They determine the best measures to evaluate the organization’s effectiveness. 9 The Ethical Dimension This exercise will be found at the end of each chapter. The purpose is to help students understand the many ways in which organizations can help or harm people in the environment. The first example asked students to examine doctors and hospitals, and the role of ethics in this environment. List examples of these ethical and unethical behaviors. This is a complicated question because there are so many different systems in the health-care environment. Students may draw upon their own experiences with doctors, good or bad, or the discussion could shift to how insurance companies, Medicare, or the local community play a role in the ethical behavior of doctors and hospitals. 2. How do these behaviors relate to the attempts of doctors and nurses to increase organizational effectiveness in the ways discussed in the chapter? Or, to attempts to pursue their own self-interest? This question serves as a good example of why organizations exist. Make sure the students understand that all organizations attempt to increase their effectiveness, not just for-profit corporations. Another interesting discussion might revolve around defining and discussing what â€Å"pursuing their own selfinterest† really means from both an ethical and a practical standpoint. Making the Connection Also at the end of every chapter; this exercise encourages students to look through newspapers and magazines to find an example of a company that is dealing with some of the issues in the chapter. The assignment for this chapter is to find a company that has helped or harmed a stakeholder group. ANALYZING THE ORGANIZATION Each student selects a company to study throughout the semester. Each module requires the student to collect and analyze company information for a report to be submitted at the end of the semester. Students can choose an organization like IBM or GM and find articles in magazines, on the Internet, or contact a local company. The report answers the following questions: what is the organization, what does it do, how does it create value, who are its stakeholders, what are its major problems, and how does it measure effectiveness? Other issues such as technology or competition may be included. CASE FOR ANALYSIS Kinko’s New Operating Structure Kinko’s Inc. as the largest retailer of copying stores, but it had to change its operating structure in response to competitive pressures from Quick Copy and OfficeMax. Kinko’s had an informal management process and difficulty managing growth. The founder, Orfalea, used franchising to launch PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATI ONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS growth, but this approach did not assist Kinko’s in controlling costs or improving customer service. Consultants recommended centralized control and a set of internal authority relationships. 1. What were the problems facing Kinko’s managers? 10 Kinko’s structure was too decentralized, making it difficult for top managers to implement changes rapidly. The structure was informal with decisions left up to Kinko’s franchisees, and no sharing of ideas on customer service. 2. What steps did managers take to solve these problems? Kinko’s centralized operating systems such as purchasing and finance to reduce costs. Kinko’s developed a more formal organizational structure. It may take time for the store owners to relinquish control, but this structure should help Kinko’s to respond more quickly to competition and develop consistent procedures and services to meet customer needs. TEACHING SUGGESTIONS 1. Ask students to explain the models in the chapter and give examples. Models can be assigned in advance. Use discussion questions during the class by dividing students into small groups or pairs and allowing 5–7 minutes to prepare answers, which are then shared with the class. 3. Use role play to measure organizational effectiveness using the three approaches. One student is a manufacturing manager who eval uates performance using the technical approach. One student is an RD manager who uses the internal systems approach. The third is a corporate manager who uses the external resource approach. Stress that performance is evaluated based on control, innovation, and efficiency. 4. Ask students to look the at the Amazon. com web site (http://www. amazon. om) and discuss how Amazon satisfies a need. Have them compare this to competitors that have surfaced, such as Barnes Noble (http://www. barnesandnoble. com). 5. To make sure students appreciate why organizations exist, have them give examples in class of when organizations have not served them well. Common examples include long lines at the grocery store, poor service at a restaurant, etc. Try to help them re-frame their examples in the context of the course material, such as specialization or the conversion process. This is a good method for getting the students to understand the overall value of the material throughout the semester. P HAM HOANG HIEN How to cite Organizational Theory and Designs, Papers

The Geography Of New Zealand Essay Research free essay sample

The Geography Of New Zealand Essay, Research Paper The Geography of New Zealand By Clayton Brown Kirkpatrick Period 7 February 25, 1996 The well-known state of New Zealand is a little, resourceful state located 1,000 stat mis off Australia # 8217 ; s south east seashore. New Zealand has an impressive economic system that continues to turn, a physical landscape that attracts people from around the Earth, and although little, New Zealand is a well-thought-of state for its advanced civilisation and stable authorities. The geographics of this esteemed state can be described through five chief classs, the physical geographics, the cultural geographics, the citizens # 8217 ; criterion of life, the authorities, and the state # 8217 ; s economic system. New Zealand is located in the southern hemisphere, with an absolute location of 37 grades south longitude to 48 grades south longitude and 167 grades east latitude to 177 grades east latitude. It is composed of two major islands named the North and South Islands, and the entire land country of the state, about divided every bit between the two islands, is 103,470 square stat mis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Geography Of New Zealand Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Surprisingly, merely 2 per centum of the land country is cultivable. New Zealand has an copiousness of natural resources, explicating why the state is so affluent compared to other states. These resources include fertile graze land, oil and gas, Fe, coal, lumber, and first-class fishing Waterss. New Zealand # 8217 ; s clime is fundamentally moderate twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the nearby ocean that regulates the clime. New Zealand enjoys a marine West seashore clime, that on mean green goodss sixty to eighty degree temperatures in January and 40 to sixty degree temperatures in July. Because it is surrounded by the ocean, New Zealand receives huge measures of precipitation on both islands. The mean one-year precipitation on the North Island is 30 to forty inches and on the South Island it is 40 to fifty inches. This clime produces assorted woods, mid-latitude deciduous woods, and temperate grassland flora. The terrain is dominated by hayfields, grazing lands, wood lands, and a little concatenation of mountains called the Southern Alps. The land is blanketed with little lakes and rivers that drain the Highlandss and empty into the ocean. The extraordinary diverseness of the physical geographics found in the United States seems to hold been duplicated in this comparatively little state, where the ski inclines and the beaches may be merely an hr apart. The cultural geographics of New Zealand is non every bit diverse as its physical geographics. Presently 3,547,983 people live in New Zealand, but 83.7 per centum of the population live in urbanised countries. The main metropoliss, each incorporating more than one hundred 1000 people, are Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Manukau, and Wellington. The mean population per square stat mi is merely 34, but it is turning due to a 0.8 per centum natural growing rate. Keeping in head that merely 2 per centum of the land is cultivable, the harvest land per capita is a meager 0.125 estates per individual. Large parts of New Zealand are devoted to sheep Stationss, for there are more sheep in New Zealand than people. The official linguistic communication of New Zealand is English, although a little per centum of the people speak Maori, the native linguistic communication. Slightly matching to the linguistic communication groups, the spiritual make up is 52 per centum Christian, 15 per centum Roman Catholic, and 33 per centum unspecified or none. The state takes pride in a 99.9 per centum literacy rate by holding an first-class instruction system. The full state resides in a individual clip zone that would study 6:00 A.M. if the clip in Amarillo, Texas was noon. From the state # 8217 ; s cultural geographics, it coul vitamin D be predicted that the state would bask a good criterion of life. In 1994 the gross national merchandise of New Zealand was a prodigious 56.4 billion United State # 8217 ; s dollars, bring forthing a per capita income of $ 16,640. For every 3.2 people there is a telecasting, and for every 2.2 people there is a telephone, significance there are over 2,600,000 telecastings and telephones in New Zealand. Fortunately, 99.8 per centum of the people are able to enjoy safe imbibing H2O, including the indigens who live in rural countries. New Zealand has a superb wellness attention industry that serves as a idol to the remainder of the universe. There are soon 11,335 doctors and 31,122 infirmary beds in New Zealand, for an ample ratio of one doctor per 313 people and one infirmary bed per 114 people. The population of New Zealand is provided with plentifulness of nutrient and a healthy diet, the mean individual receives about 3,250 Calories per twenty-four hours. New Zealand has one of the highest life anticipations in the full universe, that being 74 for work forces, 80 for adult females, and 77 for any individual. Unfortunately, AIDS is a turning job in New Zealand that continues to distribute at a phenomenal rate. There have been 3,548 AIDS instances reported, impacting one out of every 1,000 people with the syndrome, non to reference the 1000s more septic with the HIV virus. New Zealand # 8217 ; s authorities has contributed to its impressive criterion of life. New Zealand achieved independency from the United Kingdom on September 26, 1907. The authorities was placed in Wellington, on the North Island, and still remains at that place today as the capital. The authorities is a constitutional monarchy that was designed to resemble the United Kingdom authorities. It includes an executive subdivision, legislative subdivision, judicial subdivision, and a King and Queen employed merely as front mans. The armed forces is divided into three subdivisions, the New Zealand ground forces, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Soon there are 742,871 work forces fit for military service, but merely 10,500 active military personnels in service. New Zealand has a booming economic system that is based on three chief economic activities, farm animal elevation, agriculture, and foreign trade. The economic system is about wholly dependent on the export of goods, which include wool, lamb, mouton, beef, fish, and forestry merchandises. Twenty per centum of the exports go to Australia, 15 per centum to Japan, 12 per centum to the U.S. , 6 per centum to the U.K. , and 47 per centum to other states. New Zealand # 8217 ; s pecuniary unit is the New Zealand dollar, and the exchange rate is 1.46 N.Z. dollars equals 1 U.S. dollar. With a 6.2 per centum economic growing rate, New Zealand could shortly hold one of the top five economic systems in the universe. New Zealand is among the universe # 8217 ; s finest states, because of its keen landscape and ace economic system. With an first-class criterion of life, perfect clime, and olympian terrain, New Zealand for many people is an ideal topographic point to populate. Every twelvemonth 100s of 1000s of people tour New Zealand merely to catch a glance of what many proclaim to be Eden, and after researching this study, I intend to someday be one of those tourers. Plants Cited Baerwald, Thomas, and Celeste Fraser. World Geography: A World Perspective. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995. # 8220 ; New Zealand. # 8221 ; World Fact Book ( 1995 ) . Site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.odci.gov/cia/publications/ 95fact/nz.html. Compton # 8217 ; s Learning Company. Compton # 8217 ; s Living Encyclopedia. New York: Soft Key, 1997. Famighetti, Robert. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997. United States: World Almanac Books, 1997. Novosad, Charles. The Nystrom Desk Atlas. Chicago: Division of Hereff Jones, Inc, 1994.